Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral pigmentation
Acanthosis nigricans Addison's disease Fixed drug eruptions Heavy metal poisoning Peutz-Jegher's syndrome Post-trauma/inflammation Racial (African, Asian)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Blurred Optic Disc Paplloedema: benign intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, cerebral oedema Hypercapnia Hypervitaminosis A Hypoparathyroidism Lead poisoning Malignant hypertension Oxygen saturation, sources of errors Papillitis (demyelination) Raised lntracranial pressure: Haemorrhage (extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebral), head injury. Meningitis/encephalitis, tumours, abscesses, Retinal vein thrombosis, venous sinus thrombosis Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Atrophy Optic disc
Optic neuritis (MS) Raised lntracranial pressure: 2' to long-standing papilloedema (e.g. tumours) Toxic metabolic drugs: tobacco, alcohol, vitamin B12 deficiency, diabetes, ethambutol Infection/infiltration: spread from sinuses, syphilis, sarcoid Compression: intra-orbital (e.g. optic nerve tumours), tumour of pituitary or sphenoid sinus, carotid aneurysm Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy Trauma: orbital fracture, indirect trauma Retinal disease: retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration Occlusion of retinal artery Raised Pressure inside the eye (glaucoma) Hereditary: Leber's optic atrophy, hereditary ataxias, e.g. Friedreich's, DIDMOAD Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Onycholysis
Fungal infection Psoriasis Tetracyclines Thyrotoxicosis Trauma Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oliguria
Dehydration Renal failure (acute, chronic): pre-renal (e.g. shock), renal (acute tubular necrosis), post-renal (stones, tumour, retroperitoneal fibrosis) Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oliguria
Dehydration Renal failure (acute, chronic): pre-renal (e.g. shock), renal (acute tubular necrosis), post-renal (stones, tumour, retroperitoneal fibrosis) Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ankle Oedema
Pitting, bilateral Heart failure Hypothyroidism Iatrogenic: oestrogens, calcium channel blockers, fluid overload Liver failure, other causes of hypoalbuminaemia: malnutrition, malabsorption, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy obstruction Renal failure Venous insufficiency: acute (prolonged sitting), chronic Venous obstruction, e.g. pelvic mass, pregnancy, IVC/bilateral iliac vein Non-pitting Lymphoedema: primary, lymph node involvement: radiotherapy, infection (filariasis), malignant infiltration, excision Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ocular pain
Optic neuritis Orbital myositis Pain on eye movement Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nystagmus Physiological: at the extreme lateral gaze Pendular {to-and-fro movements have equal velocity): congenital Jerky (slow-phase and fast phase are present): Acute labyrinthitis, other inner ear (labyrinth/vestibular nerve) diseases, e.g. Meniere's disease, benign positional vertigo (otoconial debris in semicircular canals), vestibular neuronitis, acoustic neuroma Brainstem/vestibular nuclei: vascular (CVA), inflammation (multiple sclerosis, tumour), toxic (alcoholism) Cerebellar disease (See Cerebellar signs) Drugs (e.g. phenytoin) Nystagmus is also seen in internuclear ophthalmoplegia (l adduction on the side of lesion, nystagmus of the contralateral abducting eye) |
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